Jump to content

International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
AbbreviationIUPAP
Formation1922; 102 years ago (1922)
TypeInternational
Legal statusActive
PurposeTo stimulate and facilitate international cooperation in physics and the worldwide development of science [1]
HeadquartersGeneva, with an administrative office in Trieste[2]
Location
Region served
Worldwide
MembershipInternational Science Council
Official language
English
President
Silvina Ponce Dawson
Main organ
Executive Council
Websiteiupap.org

The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP; /ˈaɪjuːpæp, ˈjuː-/) is an international non-governmental organization whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation in physics, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity.[1][4][5] It was established in 1922 and the first General Assembly was held in 1923 in Paris.[6] The Union is domiciled in Geneva, Switzerland.[7]

IUPAP carries out this mission by: sponsoring international meetings; fostering communications and publications; encouraging research and education; fostering the free circulation of scientists;[8][9] promoting international agreements on the use of symbols, units, nomenclature and standards;[10][11] and cooperating with other organizations on disciplinary and interdisciplinary problems.[12][13][14]

IUPAP is a member of the International Science Council.

IUPAP is the lead organization promoting the adoption of the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development,[15] a proposal to be considered by the 76th session of the UN General Assembly.

History

[edit]

In 1919 was formed the International Research Council[16] “largely through the representatives of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, and of the Royal Society, London, to coordinate international efforts in the different branches of sciences, under whose aegis international associations or unions in different branches of science could be formed".

In accordance with this principle, the 1922 General Assembly of the IRC convened at Brussels and a number of physicists present decided that the formation of a Physics Union was imperative.

Thirteen countries (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Union of South Africa) immediately announced their adherence to the new Union.

An Executive committee was formed which undertook to prepare rules, regulations, and activities of the organization. The committee consisted of ten distinguished physicists: W.H. Bragg, M. Brillouin, O.M. Corbino, M. Knudsen, M. Leblanc, R.A. Millikan, H. Nagaoka, E. Van Aubel, and H. Abraham. The committee had Bragg as President, Van Aubel as Vice-President, and Abraham as Secretary. This was the birth of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.

The year 2022 marked the centenary of the IUPAP, organized and run by the physics communities of the world. In this context, the IUPAP sponsored the publication of Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, edited by Roberto Lalli and Jaume Navarro. This anthology brings together contributions on the history of IUPAP since its foundation.[17]

Committees and governance

[edit]

The Union is governed by its General Assembly, which meets every three years. The Council is its top executive body, supervising the activities of the nineteen specialized International Commissions and the four Affiliated Commissions – it typically meets once or twice per year. The Union is composed of Members representing identified physics communities. At present 60 Members adhere to IUPAP. The Members are represented by Liaison Committees. Members of the Council and Commissions are elected by the General Assembly, based on nominations received from Liaison Committees and existing Council and Commission members.[18]

The IUPAP specialised Commissions are:

C1. Commission on Policy and Finance

C2. Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses & Fundamental Constants

C3. Commission on Statistical Physics

C4. Commission on Astroparticle Physics. The commission was previously known as the Commission on Cosmic Rays.

C5. Commission on Low Temperature Physics

C6. Commission on Biological Physics

C8. Commission on Semiconductors

C9. Commission on Magnetism

C10. Commission on the Structure and Dynamics of Condensed Matter

C11. Commission on Particles and Fields

C12. Commission on Nuclear Physics

C13. Commission on Physics for Development

C14. Commission on Physics Education

C15. Commission on Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

C16. Commission on Plasma Physics

C17. Commission on Laser Physics and Photonics

C18. Commission on Mathematical Physics

C19. Commission on Astrophysics

C20. Commission on Computational Physics

The Affiliated Commissions are:

AC1. International Commission for Optics

AC2. International Commission on General Relativity and Gravitation

AC3. International Commission for Acoustics

AC4. International Commission on Medical Physics

AC5. International Association of Physics Students

AC6. History and Philosophy of Physics

In addition IUPAP has established a number of Working Groups, among others the International Committee for Future Accelerators (WG1)[19][20] and Women in Physics (WG5),[21] to provide an overview of important areas of international collaboration in physics.

[edit]

Each year, IUPAP endorses approximately 30 international conferences and awards grants to the majority of them. Applications for sponsorship can be made via the IUPAP website.

Sponsored conferences fall into four categories:

General Conferences - Type A

These provide a broad overview of an entire field (typically the field of interest to a Commission), and normally occur at two- or three-year intervals, as advances in the field warrant. Attendance in the range of 750–1000 would be anticipated.

Topical Conferences - Type B

These concentrate on broad sub-fields (e.g. nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear reaction mechanisms, heavy ion physics, are possible sub-fields in the field of Nuclear Physics). They would normally be scheduled in the years between the corresponding Type A General conferences. Attendance in the range of 300-600 individuals would be anticipated.

Special Conferences - Type C

These concentrate on much more specialised topics than in the case of Type B Conferences (e.g. angular correlations, lifetime measurements, neutron resonance studies in the field of Nuclear Physics). Attendance in the range of 50-200 would be anticipated.

Workshops in Developing Countries - Type D

These concentrate on meeting the needs of a developing region. Unlike the Type A, B and C conferences, they do not need to be truly international, but should involve neighbouring countries, and they should address the needs of the region. One Type D conference will be approved each year. All applications for Type-D Conferences must be submitted to the Commission on Physics for Development (C13).

[edit]

IUPAP commissions sponsor various awards for scientists. These include:

  • The IUPAP Young Scientist Prize, approved and adopted at the 2005 General Assembly for all commissions. The prize was renamed Early Career Scientist Prize at the General Assembly 2021.[22]
  • The SUNAMCO Medal, given by the Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (C2)
  • The Boltzmann Medal, awarded by the Commission on Statistical Physics (C3)
  • The Fritz London Memorial Prize, given by the Commission on Low Temperature Physics (C5)
  • The Young Author Best Paper Award, established by the Commission on Semiconductors (C8) and sponsored by the semiconductor industries of USA, Japan and Europe
  • ICM Award in Magnetism, established by the Commission on Magnetism (C9)
  • The Kennedy Reed Medal for Outstanding Contributions to the Enhancement of Physics in Developing Countries (C13)
  • The ICPE Medal, sponsored by the Commission on Physics Education (C14)
  • Penning Award Excellence in Low-Temperature Plasma Physics, established by the Commission on Plasma Physics (C16)
  • ICO Prize, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)
  • ICO Galileo Galilei Award, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)
[edit]

Territorial members

[edit]

IUPAP was founded in 1922 with 13 members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and South Africa. Since, then many new members have joined the union. Today, the IUPAP consists of 56 territorial member.

Below is the list of IUPAP territorial members:

List of the Current and Former Territorial Members of IUPAP[23]
Country Shares

(2015)

Votes

(2015)

Year of

Joining

Year of

ceasing to

be a member

Rejoining

(1)

Rejoining

(2)

1  Algeria 1 1 2009
2  Argentina 1 1 1951 1984
3  Australia 4 3 1925
4  Austria 2 2 1957
5  Belgium 4 3 1922
6  Brazil 8 4 1951
7  Canada 8 4 1922
8  Chile 1 1 1984
9  China-Beijing (PRC) 15 5 1984
10  China-Taipei (Taiwan) 5 3 1984
11  Costa Rica 1 1 2009 2017
12  Croatia 1 1 1993
13  Cyprus 1 1 2003
14  Czech Republic 4 3 1993
15  Denmark 3 2 1922
16  Estonia 1 1 2002
17  Ethiopia 1 1 2009 No Voting rights[24]
18  Finland 3 2 1947
19  France 15 5 1922
20  Germany 15 5 1954
21  Ghana 1 1 ?
22  Greece 1 1 2009
23  Hungary 3 2 1948
24  India 8 4 1948
25  Iran 1 1 ?
26  Ireland 1 1 1966
27  Israel 2 2 1951
28  Italy 12 5 1923
29  Japan 15 5 1922
30  Jordan 2 1 2018
31  Korea (ROK) 10 5 1969
32  Latvia 1 1 2002
33  Lithuania 1 1 2002
34  Mexico 2 2 1925
35  Netherlands 4 3 1922
36  New Zealand 1 1 1954
37  Norway 3 2 1922
38  Pakistan 0 0 1951 2017
39  Peru 1 1 2009
40  Philippines 1 1 2009
41  Poland 4 3 1922
42  Portugal 1 1 1984
43  Romania 1 1 1947 1960-87 2009
44  Russia 18 6 1992
45  Saudi Arabia 1 1 1990
46  Senegal 1 1 ? No voting rights
47  Singapore 2 2 2009
48  Slovakia 1 1 1993
49  Slovenia 1 1 1993
50  South Africa 3 2 1922
51  Spain 8 4 1922
52  Sweden 8 4 1923
53   Switzerland 4 3 1922
54  Tunisia 1 1 2005
55  United Kingdom 15 5 1922
56  United States 18 6 1922
 Bolivia 0 0 1963
 Bulgaria 0 0 1957
 Cameroon 1 1 2009 2017
 Colombia 1 1 2009 2017
 Cuba 1 1 1969 No voting rights
 Egypt 1 1 1948 2017
 East Germany 1960
 Kenya 1 1 1995 2017
 Nigeria 0 0 1990
 Republic of China

(membership renewed as China-Taipei)

1934 1984
 Soviet Union

(succeeded by Russia)

18 6 1957 1991
 Yugoslavia 0 0 1954 1992

List of IUPAP Presidents

[edit]

The IUPAP President is the head of the Executive Council. IUPAP Presidents are elected by the General Assembly. During the election of the Executive Council, the future President is also elected to the post of President-Designate. Thus in every Executive Council the current President-Designate will succeed the incumbent President.

Below is the list of IUPAP Presidents since its inception in 1922.

Term President Nationality
1922–1931 Sir William Henry Bragg[5]  United Kingdom
1931–1934 Robert Andrews Millikan[12]  United States
1934–1947 Mann Siegbahn[6]  Sweden
1947–1951 Hendrik Anthony Kramers[25]  Netherlands
1951–1957 Sir Nevill Francis Mott[26][27]  United Kingdom
1957–1960 Edoardo Amaldi[28]  Italy
1960–1963 Homi Jehangir Bhabha[6]  India
1963–1966 Louis Eugène Félix Néel[6]  France
1966–1969 Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev[29]  Soviet Union
1969–1972 Robert Fox Bacher[12]  United States
1972–1975 Heinz Maier-Leibnitz[30]  Germany
1975–1978 Sir Clifford Charles Butler[31]  United Kingdom
1978–1981 Leonard Sosnowski [32]  Poland
1981–1984 Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn  Sweden
1984–1987 David Allan Bromley[33]  Canada/ United States
1987–1990 Larkin Kerwin[34]  Canada
1990–1993 Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan[35]  Russia
1993–1996 Yasatuka Yamaguchi [36]  Japan
1996–1999 Jan S. Nilsson [37][38]  Sweden
1999–2002 Burton Richter[39][40]  United States
2002–2005 Yves Pierre Petroff  France
2005–2008 Alan Astbury[41]  Canada
2008–2011 Sukekatsu Ushioda  Japan
2011–2014 Cecilia Jarlskog[42]  Sweden
2014–2017 Bruce McKellar[43]  Australia
2017–2020 Kennedy J. Reed[42]  United States
2020–2024 Michel Spiro[44]  France
2025-2027 Silvina Ponce Dawson[45]  Argentina

IUPAP reactions to sanctions in science

[edit]

IUPAP, whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity, has throughout its history defended the stand that no scientists should be barred from participating in conferences or events on the basis of their nationality or their affiliation.[5][46] Shortly after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, IUPAP issued a statement against the military offensive, while advocating for continued international scientific cooperation.[47][48][49] To alleviate sanctions in science and to promote principles and policies for international scientific collaboration,[50] IUPAP offers physicists, including students, from any country around the world, who feel excluded from academic exchange based exclusively on their affiliation and/or country of origin, to apply to use the IUPAP as their affiliation.[51][52][53][54]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kerwin, Larkin (1969). "The international union of pure and applied physics". Physics Today. 22 (5): 53–55. Bibcode:1969PhT....22e..53K. doi:10.1063/1.3035575. ISSN 0031-9228. S2CID 122968286.
  2. ^ "The Central Secretariat of IUPAP is moving to Trieste". Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  3. ^ "Contact us". IUPAP. 26 February 2021.
  4. ^ Lalli, Roberto; Navarro, Jaume, eds. (2024-07-09). Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (1 ed.). Oxford University PressOxford. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198878681.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-887868-1.
  5. ^ a b c Nilsson, Jan (1996). "What can IUPAP do for you?". Physics World. 9 (12): 13–14. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/9/12/12. ISSN 0953-8585.
  6. ^ a b c d Brown, Sanborn C (September 1972). Physics 50 Years Later: [Papers] as Presented to the XIV General Assembly of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics on the Occasion of the Union's Fiftieth Anniversary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 436. doi:10.17226/20232. ISBN 978-0-309-02138-8.
  7. ^ "UID-Register@BFS, UID CHE-494.244.310 (International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP))". www.uid.admin.ch. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  8. ^ Kerwin, Larkin (1973). "IUPAP on freedom". Physics Today. 26 (12): 11. Bibcode:1973PhT....26l..11K. doi:10.1063/1.3128352. ISSN 0031-9228.
  9. ^ Davis, Harold L. (1972). "IUPAP–A union for all physicists". Physics Today. 25 (9): 88. Bibcode:1972PhT....25i..88D. doi:10.1063/1.3071031. ISSN 0031-9228.
  10. ^ Fleury, P.; de Boer, J. (1962). "Symbols units and nomenclature in physics". Physics Today. 15 (6): 20–30. Bibcode:1962PhT....15f..20F. doi:10.1063/1.3058223. ISSN 0031-9228.
  11. ^ "IUPAP handbook on symbols and units". Physics Today. 35 (9): 21. 1982. Bibcode:1982PhT....35i..21.. doi:10.1063/1.2915257. ISSN 0031-9228.
  12. ^ a b c Bacher, Robert F.; Havens, William W.; Koch, H. William; Marshak, Robert E.; Seitz, Frederick (1972). "IUPAP–Past and future". Physics Today. 25 (9): 23–28. Bibcode:1972PhT....25i..23B. doi:10.1063/1.3070995. ISSN 0031-9228.
  13. ^ "About Us". IUPAP. 28 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Soviet Oppression: IUPAP Retaliates". Nature. 245 (5419): 3. 1973. Bibcode:1973Natur.245R...3.. doi:10.1038/245003b0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 38836278.
  15. ^ "Home". International Year of Basic Sciences for Development. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  16. ^ "History of IUPAP" (PDF). iupap.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  17. ^ Roberto Lalli and Jaume Navarro (2024). Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (PDF). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198878681.
  18. ^ "The Statues of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (as adopted by the General Assembly, 2011)". IUPAP. 2011. Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  19. ^ Metropolis, N. (2012). New Directions In Physics. Elsevier. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-323-14131-4.
  20. ^ Sugawara, Hirotaka (2017), "High Energy Physics, Past, Present and Future", Memorial Volume on Abdus Salam's 90th Birthday, Singapore: World Scientific, p. 416, Bibcode:2017mvas.book..411S, doi:10.1142/9789813144873_0022, ISBN 978-981-314-486-6, retrieved 2024-03-04
  21. ^ Schopper, Herwig; Gillies, James (2024), Schopper, Herwig; Gillies, James (eds.), "From Science to Science Diplomacy. See section "IUPAP Looks into the Role of Women in Physics"", Herwig Schopper: Scientist and Diplomat in a Changing World, Springer Biographies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 175–176, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51042-7_8, ISBN 978-3-031-51042-7
  22. ^ iupap (2021-02-26). "Early Career Scientist Prizes - IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics". Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  23. ^ "History of Membership | IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics". iupap.org. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  24. ^ "History of Membership | IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics". iupap.org. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  25. ^ Wheeler, John A. (1951). "7th IUPAP Assembly". Physics Today. 4 (11): 30–33. Bibcode:1951PhT.....4k..30W. doi:10.1063/1.3067089. ISSN 0031-9228.
  26. ^ Slater, J. C. (1952). "IUPAP Executive Committee". Physics Today. 5 (9): 32–33. Bibcode:1952PhT.....5i..32S. doi:10.1063/1.3067746. ISSN 0031-9228.
  27. ^ Wheeler, John A. (1954). "IUPAP Assembly". Physics Today. 7 (9): 28–29. Bibcode:1954PhT.....7i..28W. doi:10.1063/1.3061774. ISSN 0031-9228.
  28. ^ "IUPAP 9th General Assembly". Physics Today. 11 (1): 46–47. 1958. Bibcode:1958PhT....11a..46.. doi:10.1063/1.3062393. ISSN 0031-9228.
  29. ^ Mayer, Meinhard E. (1979). "Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev". Physics Today. 32 (7): 62–63. Bibcode:1979PhT....32g..62M. doi:10.1063/1.2995633. ISSN 0031-9228.
  30. ^ "New honorary fellow". Physics Bulletin. 30 (4): 141. 1979. doi:10.1088/0031-9112/30/4/003. ISSN 0031-9112.
  31. ^ Butterworth, Ian (2001). "Sir Clifford Charles Butler. 20 May 1922 – 30 June 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 47: 39–54. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2001.0003. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 71004018.
  32. ^ "IUPAP chooses new officers". Physics Today. 32 (6): 79. 1979. doi:10.1063/1.2995605. ISSN 0031-9228.
  33. ^ Sweet, William (1985). "IUPAP President Bromley Worries About "Isolation" of US Physicists". Physics Today. 38 (4): 79. Bibcode:1985PhT....38R..79S. doi:10.1063/1.2814526. ISSN 0031-9228.
  34. ^ Duckworth, Henry E. (2000-10-12). One version of the facts: My life in the ivory tower. Winnipeg, MB: Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-88755-352-3.
  35. ^ Alferov, Zhores I; Andreev, Aleksandr F; Borovik-Romanov, A S; Vaĭnshteĭn, B K; Gantmakher, Vsevolod F; Keldysh, Leonid V; Nikitenko, V I; Ponyatovskiĭ, E G; Timofeev, Vladislav B; Khalatnikov, I M; Shekhtman, V Sh; Shchegolev, I F (1991). "Yuriĭ Andreevich Osip'yan (on his sixtieth birthday)". Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 34 (2): 202–203. doi:10.1070/PU1991v034n02ABEH002340. ISSN 0038-5670.
  36. ^ Sakai, Norisuke (2017). "Yoshio Yamaguchi". Physics Today. 70 (7): 72. Bibcode:2017PhT....70g..72S. doi:10.1063/PT.3.3636. ISSN 0031-9228.
  37. ^ Feder, Toni (1996). "IUPAP General Assembly Held in Sweden". Physics Today. 49 (11): 74. doi:10.1063/1.881552. ISSN 0031-9228.
  38. ^ "In Memoriam: Jan S. Nilsson, 1932 - 2010". ICTP. 2010-06-16. Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  39. ^ "IUPAP Elects New Officers". Physics Today. 52 (7): 48. 1999. Bibcode:1999PhT....52R..48.. doi:10.1063/1.882721. ISSN 0031-9228.
  40. ^ Richter*, B. (1999). "Megascience Forum: Valuable from IUPAP's Perspective". Science. 286 (5442): 1089b–1089. doi:10.1126/science.286.5442.1089b. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 153748589.
  41. ^ van Oers, Willem T. H.; Crabb, Donald G.; Prok, Yelena; Poelker, Matt; Liuti, Simonetta; Day, Donal B.; Zheng, Xiaochao (2009). "Introductory Remarks on Behalf of IUPAP". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1149 (1): 3–8. Bibcode:2009AIPC.1149....3V. doi:10.1063/1.3215675.
  42. ^ a b McKellar, Bruce H. J. (2017). "Commentary: International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and you". Physics Today. 70 (10): 10–11. Bibcode:2017PhT....70j..10M. doi:10.1063/PT.3.3707. ISSN 0031-9228.
  43. ^ "NEWS". Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter. 01 (1): 4–12. 2012. doi:10.1142/S2251158X12000021. ISSN 2251-158X.
  44. ^ "Spiro appointed IUPAP president". CERN Courier. 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  45. ^ iupap (2024-10-28). "Silvina Ponce Dawson IUPAP new President - IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics".
  46. ^ Lalli, Roberto; Navarro, Jaume (2024-09-19). "When physicists strove for peace: past lessons for our uncertain times". Nature. 633 (8030): 515–517. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-02997-z. ISSN 0028-0836.
  47. ^ Nakada, Tatsuya. "IUPAP Statement on the events occurring in Ukraine | ILC Newsline". Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  48. ^ Chetty, Nithaya. "Scientific diplomacy and cooperation in this time of war". University World News. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  49. ^ Altarelli, Monica Pepe; Vigen, Jens (2022-11-08). "100 years of international collaboration in physics". CERN Courier. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  50. ^ "Principles and policies for international scientific collaboration". American Physical Society. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  51. ^ "IUPAP celebrates a century and strives to meet new challenges". Physics Today. 2022 (4): 0803a. 2022-08-03. doi:10.1063/PT.6.4.20220803a.
  52. ^ "Adherence to IUPAP policies". ICAP 28. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  53. ^ "Use of IUPAP affiliation in academic papers" (PDF). IUPAP position papers, statements and declarations. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
  54. ^ Albrecht, M.; Ali, A.; Barone, M.; Brentjes, S.; Bona, M.; Ellis, J.; Glazov, A.; Jung, H.; Mangano, M.; Neuneck, G.; Raicevic, N.; Scheffran, J.; Spiro, M.; van Mechelen, P.; Vigen, J. (2023). "Beyond a Year of Sanctions in Science". arXiv:2311.02141 [physics.soc-ph].
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics&oldid=1265713534"